Auto merge of #144303 - Kobzol:bootstrap-tool-cleanup, r=jieyouxu

Consolidate staging for `rustc_private` tools

This PR continues bootstrap refactoring, this time by consolidating staging for `Mode::ToolRustc` tools. This refactoring was in the critical path of refactoring `test`/`dist`/`clippy`/`doc` steps, and getting rid of the rmeta/rlib sysroot copy, because tools are pervasive and they are being used for a lot of things in bootstrap.

The main idea is to explicitly model the fact that a stage N `Mode::ToolRustc` tool always works with two different compilers:
- Stage N-1 rustc (`build_compiler`) builds stage N rustc (`target_compiler`)
- Rlib artifacts from stage N rustc are copied to the sysroot of stage N-1 rustc
- Stage N-1 rustc builds the (stage N) tool itself, the tool links to the rlib artifacts of the stage N rustc

Before, the code often used `compiler`, which meant sometimes the build compiler, sometimes the target compiler, and sometimes neither (looking at you, `download-rustc`). This is especially annoying when you get to a situation where you have an install step that invokes a dist step that invokes a tool build step, where *some* compiler is being propagated through, without it being clear what does that compiler represent. This refactoring hopefully makes that clearer and more explicit. It also gets rid of a few `builder.ensure(Rustc(...))` calls within bootstrap, which is always nice.

`Rustdoc` needs to be handled a bit specially, because it acts as a compiler itself, I documented that in the changes.

It wasn't practical to do these refactorings in multiple PRs, so I did it all in one PR. The meat of the change is 9ee6d1c1ed112c3dcfb5684b33772b136df0dca3.

I tested manually that `x build rustdoc` and `x build miri` still works even with `download-rustc`, although I cannot promise any extra support for `download-rustc`, IMO we will just have to reimplement it from scratch in a different way.

As usually, I did some drive-by refactorings to bootstrap, trying to document and clarify things, add more step metadata and tests.

Since these changes broke Cargo, which was incorrectly using `Mode::ToolRustc`, I also changed cargo to `ToolTarget` in this PR.

Best reviewed commit-by-commit (note that I renamed `link_compiler` to `target_compiler`, in accordance to the rest of bootstrap, in the last commit).

r? `@jieyouxu`

try-job: x86_64-gnu-aux
try-job: x86_64-msvc-ext1

Author: bors